Krystal Archer-arroyo, M.D.

Radiology encompasses all of the imaging modalities used to diagnose disease such as x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI. These tests are completed by technologists and then interpreted by a Radiologist.

Interventional Radiology is when a Radiologist uses imaging to conduct a procedure. This is most commonly known by procedures completed through a vein or artery such as splenic artery embolization for trauma or placing a filter in the IVC to prevent blood closets from traveling to the heart and lungs.

An arthrogram is a procedure where a needle is inserted into a joint under x-ray guidance. Then contrast is then injected into the joint. Frequently x-rays are taken to assess the joint and cartilage. This is often followed by CT or MRI where the contrast helps to identify injuries to the joint cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

It's ok to have a cup of coffee in this instance given the CT is being done without intravenous contrast. Plus, no one will see what's in your stomach.

Intravenous contrast can cause some people to be nauseous and vomit during or shortly after the CT exam.

There are no side effects. The radiation dose received from a head CT (< 1mSv) is way less than what we get from just being on Earth for one year (3 mSv).

There are no health risks given MRI does not use radiation. You will need to complete screening forms to assess for the presence of any internal metal that could cause harm during the exam since the MRI machine is basically a big magnet.

There can be some discomfort due to warming and noise. The technologists will try to make you as comfortable as possible with pillows and noise canceling headphones.

Yes. You will be given a gown and asked to remove your outer clothing. This is to ensure there is no metal that will either cause artifact in the images. It is also important to remove any material that can cause skin burns during the MRI. Many fabrics are quite complex and can contain metallic fibers.

The imaging test used to identify gallstones is ultrasound. If calcified, they may be seen on X-ray, but this is not always the case.

The CT and x-ray are the only imaging modalities that involve radiation. There is only a small amount of radiation involved with x-rays, especially compared to CT. It is definitely safe when medically indicated.