Marshall Zane Schwartz

Yes, Almost all colon polyps can be removed with colonoscopy and that is the best way to have them removed.

It depends in part on the size of the abdominal hernia and what you would consider "major" surgery. However, in my view, I would generally consider this as major surgery.

Marshall Z. Schwartz, MD, FACS, FRCS-Eng (Hon)

Please address your question to an orthopedic surgeon.

This question is best answered by an orthopedic surgeon.

You need to communicate with a sports medicine physician or orthopedic surgeon.

Marshall Z. Schwartz, MD

Yes. It is a very serious consequence of appendicitis and requires prompt treatment. If you are having abdominal pain, particularly in the lower right side of your abdomen, you need to be seen by your doctor or an emergency room.

More information on the infant's history would be important (such as age at onset of jaundice, current age, other lab values, other illnesses). However, it is important to know that ultrasonography and liver biopsy are not definitive methods for the diagnoses of biliary atresia. These studies can be highly suggestive of biliary atresia, but severe neonatal hepatitis can yield similar findings with these studies. The definitive diagnosis of biliary atresia is initially made by a limited surgical procedure that includes an incision in the right upper part of the abdomen and visualization of the area of the gallbladder area and the major bile ducts. The gall bladder is opened and if there is a lumen (open channel) a small tube is placed in it and radiographic dye is injected to see if there is a communication from the gall bladder to the main bile ducts and that the dye extends into the bile ducts in the liver. If the dye does not reach into the liver then the diagnosis of biliary atresia is made. If the infant has biliary atresia, the surgical treatment is a portoenterostomy (commonly referred to as the Kasai procedure after the surgeon that described it). This procedure should be performed by a pediatric surgeon with experience in performing it. It can be done using laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery), but only by a pediatric surgeon with extensive experience in performing this procedure using that approach. This is a very precise procedure. The best outcomes for success following the Kasai procedure are dependent on performing the procedure correctly the first time.
I hope this answers your question.

Marshall Z. Schwartz, MD, FACS, FRCS-Eng (Hon)

Your question is best addressed to a pediatric anesthesiologist who can explain in detail how your son will be put to sleep and all the potential risks. Also, you have not given me the reason(s) why your son is so small for his age, which could impact on the answer to your question. However, in general, anesthesia is very safe in children. Ideally, anesthesia in children should be administered by a pediatric anesthesiologist because they are specifically trained to do so in infants and children.

There are two ways to do an Appendectomy: 1) through a short transverse (sideways) incision in the lower right side of the abdomen; or 2) laparoscopy which is frequently referred to as minimally invasive surgery which is the most common way today, especially if it was done by a pediatric general surgeon.
I am going to assume that your son's appendix was not ruptured. Because there is slightly more pain with the regular incision (#1) and it may take 1-2 days to be discharged from the hospital. Because of the incision, children's sports or other vigorous physical activity is usually limited for around 3 weeks.
If the procedure was done by laparoscopy, frequently children can be discharged from the hospital the next day. Also, because there are only 3 very small abdominal incisions the physical activity restrictions can be significantly reduced. Regardless of what procedure is performed, the children are usually back to normal in 1-2 weeks. I hope this helps.

Regarding the surgery itself, cleft lip repair is typically very straight forward. There is very little blood loss and the recovery is typically very fast. There is initial swelling of the upper lip but this resolves over a few days. Like with any surgery, there is risk of an infection or partial separation of the incision at the site of surgery. However, this is very uncommon.
There are risks related to the anesthesia and this should be reviewed with the anesthesiologist before the surgery is performed.