Dr. Vivienne J. Halpern

it is a symptom. You can think of it as equivalent to having chest pain when you have heart blood vessel disease. when you have artery blockages in the leg or heart vessels and you exercise, due to the blockages the body cannot increase the blood flow to meet the demand placed by doing exercise and this is what causes pain whether it be chest pain or leg pain. However having said this, several things besides blockages can cause pain in the legs with exercise including neurologic issues. non invasive Vascular testing can help determine the cause prior to any invasive procedures

There is a good chance it will be gone permanently but a certain percentage of patients the vein reopens or other veins develop - this is dependent on your other vein anatomy and how big the vein being treated is and whether you take any blood thinners

it is possible it could be. You would need to have a special ultrasound test called a venous insufficiency study which could help determine this.

Hypertension would not cause blood clots. The doctor should investigate other causes if not obvious, like he had surgery or was sick for awhile.

An angioplasty is a procedure for artery blockages. A catheter is put into an artery (like the groin or the wrist), and through this catheter, pictures are taken to define where a blockage is. Next, another catheter is put through the catheter in the artery, which has a balloon on it that is inflated to displace the blockage; sometimes, at the same time, a stent will be put in. Sometimes, the balloons contain medication to help prevent the formation of new blockages.

I hope this helps.

A vascular surgeon does procedures on all areas outside of the heart - this includes both open surgical procedures as well as endovascular procedures - thus a vascular surgeon can decide whether open or endovascular procedure is best option for a patient as they do both
A cardiologist is focused on the heart although now their training includes treatment of vessels outside the heart - however they are NOT surgeons and cannot perform surgeries like bypasses or open surgeries to clean out arteries or open surgeries on aneurysms. Even for heart blood vessel issues, if surgery is needed the patient would need to be referred to a cardiac thoracic surgeon

if it is less than 5.5 cm if you are male and less than 5 cm if female, the aneurysm is low risk of causing any issues at all. It is not reversible but certain things can make them grow faster - smoking will make them grow faster and high blood pressure that is not controlled can make them grow faster. Once at appropriate size, a procedure to repair or exclude the aneurysm can be considered. If your aneurysm is at or above stated sizes, you should seek consultation with a vascular surgeon

It depends on where the varicose veins are and what veins are insufficient. It is also important to ensure they fit properly. But in general, yes, they do help control the symptoms of varicose veins and prevent them from getting worse and prevent clots from forming - they do not make the varicose veins go away, though.

It is extremely rare for a 35 yo to truly have peripheral artery disease. What kind of testing was done to say you have this and what kind of symptoms are you having that prompted testing?

What kind of bypass surgery, Heart or Leg? Diabetes in and of itself is not a contraindication to either bypass surgeries, but it is important to have the diabetes in good control at the time of surgery to reduce risks perioperatively especially of infection and wound healing complications. Long term, it also improves success of bypass surgery. BP also should be controlled prior to surgery as best possible. Is it anxiety or white coat syndrome that makes it shoot up?